Behavior-over-time graphs

Behavior-over-time graphs show how variables change over time. The variable is always represented on the y-axis, and time is always represented on the x-axis.

Causal loop diagrams and archetypes

Causal loop diagrams show causal relationships and circular feedback. Causal loops contain two or more elements and generate reinforcing or balancing behavior over time, or perhaps both, as in the case of systems archetypes.

Connection circles

Connection circles are mapping tools used to identify cause-effect relationships in a system. They can also help surface feedback loops that lead to the identification of areas of leverage. These simple maps help show the interdependencies in systems.

Stock-flow maps and computer models

Stock-flow maps show the accumulations and rates in a system, along with what impacts them, both directly and indirectly. Stock and flow icons are the basis of system dynamics computer models. Dynamic computer models show relationships in a system visually and mathematically, allowing users to ask questions about how a system works.

Ladder of inference

The ladder of inference is a visual tool that illustrates how what people notice develops into strongly-held beliefs that lead to action and that are reinforced over time.

Iceberg visual

The iceberg visual illustrates that to see the “big picture” of a system, one must see beyond day-to-day events. By lowering the water level, the iceberg helps us focus on patterns of change over time, the underlying system structure, and the mental models held by those involved in the system.

Listening & Speaking Strategies

Use of a common vocabulary is a crucial strategy to understanding and communicating about systems. By using the same language, we are better equipped to collaborate and use terms and words that assist in defining problems and finding solutions.
Read about the Habits of a Systems Thinker to learn more about common terms.

Kinesthetic Strategies

The best type of thinking involves the mind and body! Kinesthetic strategies engage the body to work with the mind as a technique to better understand why a system functions the way it does. Plus, it’s a great way to engage users … and have some fun while at it.